In many sports leagues around the world, promotion and relegation is a process that takes place at the end of each season. Through it, teams are transferred between divisions based on their performance that season. The best-ranked teams in each division are promoted to the next-highest division, and at the same time, the worst-ranked teams in the higher division are relegated to the lower division. This process continues down through several levels, with teams being exchanged between levels 1 and 2, levels 2 and 3, levels 3 and 4, and so on. Sometimes, qualifying rounds are used to promote and relegate.

The number of teams exchanged between the divisions is normally identical. Exceptions occur when the higher division wishes to change the size of its membership, or has lost one or more of its clubs (to financial insolvency, for example) and wishes to restore its previous membership size, in which case fewer teams may be relegated from that division, or more accepted for promotion from the division below. Such variations will almost inevitably cause a "knock-on" effect through the lower divisions. For example, in 1995 the English Premier League voted to reduce its numbers by two and achieved the desired change by relegating four teams instead of the usual three, whilst allowing only two promotions from the Football League First Division.

The system is the defining characteristic of the "European" form of professional sports league organization. Promotion and relegation have the effect of maintaining a hierarchy of leagues and divisions, according to the relative strength of their teams. They also maintain the importance of games played by many low-ranked teams near the end of the season, which may be at risk of relegation. In contrast, a low-ranked U.S./Canadian team's final games serve little purpose, and in fact losing may be beneficial to such teams, yielding a better position in the next year's draft.

The downside of relegation, however, is the potential of severe economic hardship or bankruptcy for demoted clubs. Some leagues (most notably English football's Premier League) offer "parachute payments" to its relegated teams for the following year(s). The sums are often higher than the prize money received by some non-relegated teams, in order to protect the relegated teams from bankruptcy. Owners of promoted clubs gain a financial bonus.

Teams in line for promotion may have to satisfy certain non-playing conditions in order to be accepted by the higher league, such as financial solvency, stadium capacity, and facilities. If these are not satisfied, a lower-ranked team may be promoted in their place, or a team in the league above may be saved from relegation.

In sports such as bandy, ice hockey and floorball, the concept of promotion and relegation is used also for the World Championships, as well as the Athletics European Cup.

The alternate system of league organisation used in the U.S., Canada and Australia is a franchise model which always has the same teams playing, with occasional admission of expansion teams.

Structure

English example

For example, here are the promotion and relegation rules for the top few levels of the English football league system: #Premier League (level 1, 20 teams): Bottom three teams relegated. #Football League Championship (level 2, 24 teams): Top two automatically promoted; next four compete in the playoffs, with the winner gaining the third promotion spot. Bottom three relegated. #Football League One (level 3, 24 teams): Top two automatically promoted; next four compete in playoffs, with the winner gaining the third promotion spot. Bottom four relegated. #Football League Two (level 4, 24 teams): Top three automatically promoted; next four compete in playoffs, with the winner gaining the fourth promotion spot. Bottom two relegated. #Conference National (level 5, 24 teams): Top team promoted; next four compete in playoffs, with the winner gaining the second promotion spot. Bottom four relegated, to either North or South division as appropriate. #Conference North and Conference South (level 6, 22 teams each, running in parallel): Top team in each division automatically promoted; next four teams in each compete in playoffs, with playoff winner in each division getting the second promotion spot. Bottom three in each division relegated, to either Northern Premier League, Southern League, or Isthmian League as appropriate. If, after promotion and relegation, the number of teams in the North and South divisions are not equal, one or more teams are transferred between the two divisions to even them up again.

Other leagues structure

The current promotion and relegation rules for the top two divisions of other major leagues are:

Argentine Primera División (Level 1, 20 teams): relegates the two teams with the lowest average points per match over a three year period, and teams placed 17th and 18th in the average points per match table play-off against the 3rd and 4th placed sides of that season's Nacional B table. The 1st and 2nd placed teams in the Nacional B are directly promoted to Primera Division, without a play-off.

Brazilian Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: relegates four teams with lowest score to Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and promotes the first four from it.

Spanish La Liga, French Ligue 1, Greek Super League: All relegate the bottom three teams, with the top three teams from the second divisions—respectively the Segunda División, Ligue 2, and the Football League—automatically promoted.

German Bundesliga: From 2008-09, bottom two teams automatically relegated, top two teams from the Second Bundesliga automatically promoted. Third team from bottom of the First Bundesliga plays a two-legged playoff with the third-place team of the Second Bundesliga, with the winner playing in the First Bundesliga. This is a return to a previous system of promotion and relegation in Germany; in recent years, the system used in Spain, France, and Greece had been employed. It is also being adopted in Vietnam, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Japan

Italian Serie A: Bottom three teams relegated. Top two teams from Serie B automatically promoted. If the difference between third and fourth place is less than ten points, the next four teams play off, with the winner gaining the third promotion spot; otherwise the third placed team is promoted. Until recently, the Italians had used the Brazilian process.

Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League: Bottom two teams relegated. Top two teams from the second divisions, respectively Liga de Honra and the National League Championship, automatically promoted.

Romanian Liga I: Bottom four teams relegated. Top two teams from each of two divisions of Liga II automatically promoted.

Dutch Eredivisie: Bottom team automatically relegated; top team in Eerste Divisie automatically promoted. The next two lowest Eredivisie teams enter a relatively complex play-off system with the eight best remaining teams from the Eerste Divisie (the six winners of six-match ''periodes'' plus the two best other teams); the two winners are promoted to or remain in the premier division.

Scottish Premier League: Bottom team relegated and top team in Scottish First Division automatically promoted if its playing ground meets Premier League standards. Otherwise, the bottom team will remain in the Premier League.

Spor Toto Super League: Bottom three teams relegated. Top two teams in Bank Asya 1. Lig automatically promoted, next four teams each compete in playoff, with playoff winner in this league getting the third promotion spot since 2005-2006 season.

Other relegation schemes consider points acquired over more than one season. For instance in the Argentine first division, the points average of the last three seasons is computed, and the two teams with the lowest averages are directly relegated. The 3rd and 4th from the bottom play home-and-away matches against the 3rd and 4th from the top of the second division respectively (a process called ''promoción''), and the winner of each key stays in, or moves to, first division. Thus, the number of teams promoted each year varies between two and four. Newly-promoted teams only average the seasons since their last promotion (see 2003/2004 Argentine Relegation for an example).

Uzbekistan Professional Football League: The bottom two teams in the Uzbek League are automatically relegated to the Uzbekistan 1-Division, and placed in the divided groups depending on the geographical coordination. After all the teams in the Uzbekistan 1st Division have played the maximum number of times, then the eight top teams gets a spot in the next round. At the next round, the 8 teams from the east and the west make one group, in which the teams from the same division do not play against each other. At the end of the season, the top two teams are promoted to the Uzbekistan Professional Football League. The teams ranked 9-12, make another group, in which the teams from the same division do not play against each other. At the end of the season, the bottom two teams are relegated.

While the purpose of the promotion/relegation system is to maintain competitive balance, it may also be used as a disciplinary tool in special cases. On several occasions, the Italian Football Federation has relegated clubs found to have been involved in match-fixing. This occurred most recently in 2006, when the season's initial champions Juventus were relegated to Serie B, and two other teams were initially relegated but then restored to Serie A after appeal (see 2006 Serie A scandal).

Avoiding relegation

A small number of clubs have gone several decades without being relegated. Arsenal of England, for instance, have only been relegated once in their entire history, and have been in the top flight continuously since 1919 - by far the longest such run in English football. Not far behind Arsenal is Standard Liège of Belgium, which has also been relegated only once in its history and has maintained continuous top flight status since 1921.

Even fewer clubs have managed to avoid relegation entirely throughout their existence. Among them are:

Europe

England:

Since the 1992 formation of the Premier League as the new top division in England, the following have never been relegated from the Premier League:

# Arsenal F.C., in top division continuously since 1919 (see above). # Everton F.C., the next longest-serving top-flight members (1954) # Liverpool F.C. # Manchester United F.C. # Tottenham Hotspur F.C. # Aston Villa F.C. # Chelsea F.C. # Fulham F.C. # Wigan Athletic F.C. # Stoke City F.C.

:Of these, only Arsenal, Manchester United and Chelsea have won the Premier League. Blackburn Rovers F.C. are the only other team to have won the Premier League (in 1994-95); however, they were relegated in 1998-99.

France: # Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) (in Ligue 1 since 1974) # Auxerre (in Ligue 1 since 1980)

:PSG was founded in 1970 when Paris FC merged with ''Stade Saint-Germain'', playing in Division 1 (now Ligue 1). In 1972, under political pressure from the Paris city council, the club split into professional and amateur sides. The professional team remained in the top flight as Paris FC, and the amateur side inherited the Paris Saint-Germain name but was forced into the third-tier Championnat National. PSG returned to the top flight after two consecutive promotions.

Germany: # Hamburger SV — the only club to have been in the Bundesliga constantly since its formation in 1963 # Bayern Munich (first promoted to Bundesliga in 1965) # Bayer Leverkusen (first promoted to Bundesliga in 1979) # Wolfsburg (first promoted to Bundesliga in 1997) # 1899 Hoffenheim (first promoted to Bundesliga in 2008)

Greece: # AEK Athens # Olympiacos # Panathinaikos # PAOK Thessaloniki # Skoda Xanthi

:The first four of these clubs were founding members of Alpha Ethniki, formed in 1959 and the predecessor to today's Superleague Greece. Xanthi were promoted to Alpha Ethniki for the first time in 1989.

Republic of Ireland: # Bohemian F.C. # St. Patrick's Athletic F.C.

Israel: # Maccabi Tel Aviv

Italy: # Internazionale

:Internazionale avoided relegation in the 1921-22 season, when it finished last in its group in the CCI tournament. It would have been rightfully relegated to ''Seconda Divisione'' the following year, but a deep reform of the championship, with the merging of CCI and FIGC, prompted the organisation of some play-out matches between the two federation's teams. This format, controversial at the time, enabled Inter to win at the end and gain the right to play in the next year's top league.

The Netherlands: # Ajax # Feyenoord # PSV # FC Utrecht :Ajax, Feyenoord, and PSV have been members of the Eredivisie since its formation in 1956. FC Utrecht was founded in 1970 as a merger of three clubs, of which DOS was also a charter member of the Eredivisie that had never been relegated.

Norway: # Lillestrøm Sportsklubb have not been relegated since 1967. They are the club with the most consecutive seasons in the Norwegian top division (since 1975).

Portugal: # Benfica # FC Porto # Sporting

Romania: # Dinamo Bucureşti # Steaua Bucureşti :Dinamo and Steaua both started their inaugural seasons in the top-flight, and they were never relegated.

Russia: # FC Dynamo Moscow have never been relegated: neither from the Soviet Top League since its formation in 1936, nor from its successor, the Russian Premier League. # FC Spartak Moscow have never been relegated from the Russian Premier League; it was relegated from the Soviet Top League only once in 1976. # PFC CSKA Moscow - no relegations from the Russian Premier League; two relegations from the Soviet Top League (in 1984 and 1987). # FC Lokomotiv Moscow # FC Krylya Sovetov Samara :Lokomotiv and Krylya Sovetov have never been relegated from the Russian Premier League, but were often relegated during the Soviet era.

Scotland: # Aberdeen # Celtic # Rangers :Celtic and Rangers were among the clubs that founded the original Scottish Football League in 1890; Aberdeen was promoted to the top flight in 1905, only one season after joining SFL's Division 2, and have finished bottom place on two occasions, 1917 (surviving a vote) and 2000 (reprieved from relegation due to Falkirk failing to meet Scottish Premier League stadium criteria).

Spain: # Real Madrid # Athletic Bilbao # FC Barcelona :All three clubs were founding members of La Liga in 1929, and rank first, second, and fourth in the number of league championships won. Neither Real Madrid nor Barcelona has finished outside La Liga's top ten since Real Madrid's 11th place campaign in 1948; Barcelona's last season outside the top ten was a 12th place finish in 1942. Athletic Bilbao's most recent brush with relegation came in 2006-07, when their survival was not assured until the next-to-last week of the season.

Ukraine: # FC Dynamo Kyiv was never relegated in either the Soviet Top League under Soviet Union dominion and later in the Ukrainian Premier League in an independent Ukraine. # FC Shakhtar Donetsk, last promoted to the STL in 1972, never relegated from UPL # FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, last promoted to the STL in 1980, never relegated from UPL # FC Metalurh Zaporizhya, last promoted to the STL in 1990, never relegated from UPL # SC Tavriya Simferopol, de facto promoted from folding Soviet First League in 1991, never relegated from UPL

Other nations

Argentina: # Boca Juniors # Independiente

:Notes: Arsenal de Sarandí has never been relegated from the top flight, since first attaining top flight status in 2002. However, the club had previously been relegated in lower divisions.

Brazil: #Cruzeiro, however came very close to being relegated in 1994 and 1997 #Flamengo, however came very close to being relegated in 2001, 2004 and 2005 #Internacional, however came very close to being relegated in 1990 and 2002 #Santos, however came very close to being relegated in 2008 #São Paulo, however came very close to being relegated in 1990

In Chile # Colo-Colo

In Ecuador # Barcelona

:Note: While Barcelona has never been relegated to the Serie B, they have not played every season of the Serie A. In 1967, a system of promotion/relegation was initiated with the creation of the Segunda Categoría (the then second level of football in Ecuador). Prior to that season, teams qualified to the Serie A (then known as the ''Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol'') through their performance in one of two regional leagues. The 1964 season was the only time Barcelona did not participate in the national tournament because teams from Guayas, Barcelona's regional league, declined to participate.

In Peru # Sporting Cristal # Universitario

In Mexico # Guadalajara # Toluca # América # UNAM # Cruz Azul # Estudiantes

Uruguay: # Nacional # Peñarol

Egypt: # Al-Ahly # El Zamalek

Japan: # Shimizu S-Pulse have never been relegated from J. League Division 1; but, they were originally a franchised team created for the new league, and did not compete in the former Japan Soccer League. # Kashima Antlers, Yokohama F. Marinos, Gamba Osaka and Nagoya Grampus have not been relegated during the J. League era, but they all suffered relegations in the old Japan Soccer League. # JEF United Ichihara Chiba, under their old identity of ''Furukawa Electric F.C.'', were never relegated to the former Japan Soccer League Division 2. The club lasted 44 seasons in the Japanese top league before being relegated to Japan League Division 2 in 2009.

Uzbekistan: # Bunyodkor # FC Pakhtakor Tashkent # Navbahor Namangan # Neftchi Farg'ona

:Note: These teams have never been relegated to lower divisions; they were the teams playing the first season of the Uzbekistan Professional Football League. Bunyodkor, the exception, was promoted from the provincial league to the Uzbekistan 1st Division, and then to the Uzbekistan Professional Football League.

Non-relegation systems

In the United States, Canada and Australia, teams are not promoted or relegated. Recently, the North American Soccer League, and the United Soccer Leagues of the United States, having teams from across the United States, and some teams from Canada, Puerto Rico, Bermuda and Antigua and Barbuda, discussed a relegation system. The USL set up two leagues, the PRO and the PDL. Although the system is now in place, it is not compulsory and is rarely used. Occasionally teams voluntarily relegate themselves for financial reasons, while the league promotes ambitious second division teams; teams have also been promoted to Major League Soccer (examples include the Montreal Impact and the Seattle Sounders). There is no relegation from Major League Soccer; the league cites the main reason as the nature of the franchise system. The owner has purchased the right to operate a major league team in a specific city, and relegation would in effect be a breach of that contract by the league. MLS has also had a steady pattern of expansion, much of which comes from promoted lower-level teams, negating the need for relegation.

In the United States, colleges, most notably the extensive and lucrative NCAA programs (rather than sport clubs as in Europe), act as the primary suppliers of players to two of the major professional team sports: American football and basketball. Baseball drafts players out of either college or high school, while most hockey players are drafted out of "major junior", a semi-pro youth club system, with a growing number of players coming out of American collegiate programs.

American/Canadian baseball and hockey do have lower-level professional leagues, referred to as minor leagues. Most of these teams affiliate with a major league team in player development contracts. Likewise the National Basketball Association has recently begun operating its own developmental league. The minor league system can be viewed as an informal relegation system based on individual players rather than teams. Players remain employees of (or, in the case of hockey, under contract to) the parent organization and are assigned to the minor league level appropriate to their skill and development. (In baseball, there are roughly five levels, known as Rookie, Short-Season A, A, AA, and AAA, with each major league team having one to three exclusively affiliated minor league teams at each level.) Skillful players are often promoted, or 'called up', to the parent major league team while under-performing players or players recovering from a major injury are 'sent down' to an affiliated minor league team. (Major league players recovering from injury are often sent to A or AA level teams, however, for reasons of geographical proximity, rather than level of competition; this is particularly true of teams based in California, Texas and Florida.) Transfers of players between various levels of minor leagues are also common. Such promotions and demotions, however, are not mandatory but are made at management's discretion, and may be made at any time during a season. There is one documented case of a modified promotion and relegation system in hockey, pertaining to the dissolution of the World Hockey Association: as part of the NHL–WHA merger, the top four WHA teams were "promoted" to the NHL (albeit not without being stripped of several million dollars and virtually their entire rosters), while the bottom two were relegated to the Central Hockey League, paid cash, and got to keep more of their players.

No gridiron football leagues in North America use the promotion and relegation system. Though teams in the indoor football leagues often jump from league to league on an annual basis, most of the indoor leagues are considered roughly on par with each other, and as such are not being promoted or relegated at all. The Iowa Barnstormers and Albany Firebirds, at least in name, were relegated from the top level Arena Football League down to its minor league, AF2, but the AFL and AF2 incarnations of each team were not the same legal entities. The only thing each team had in common with its counterpart was its market location and trademarks (it also, unlike the European model, had nothing to do with records). Iowa would later be brought back up to the top level in 2010 as part of a bankruptcy reorganization.

In 2006, the American Indoor Football League hastily and temporarily promoted three amateur teams (among them the Chambersburg Cardinals) to the professional ranks to fill holes in the schedule. Similarly, the 2009 New Jersey Revolution professional indoor football team left the Continental Indoor Football League and played an abbreviated three-game schedule, all against semi-pro teams, which were presumably paid for their appearances. In both cases, their promotion was a matter of proximity and convenience, and as such had nothing to do with the teams' finances or performance on the field; in all seven of the games that involved a semi-pro team and an indoor professional team, the professional team won decisively, with many of the games being shutouts (very rare in indoor football). These are the only known cases of an amateur team moving to the professional ranks since the formation of professional football in the early part of the 20th century.

Australia also does not feature any promotion and relegation systems in any of the major professional codes—Australian rules football, rugby union, rugby league, or football (soccer). Many amateur club competitions in these and other sports have them, but only with amateur ranks.

In Japan, the J. League uses a promotion and relegation system (for the first two divisions it is the same as the Spanish, French, and Greek systems above). But professional baseball does not, perhaps owing to American influence. Professional American football, despite being an American sport, uses a promotion and relegation system in Japan as well — which the now-defunct NFL Europa (due to its much smaller size, only six teams) did not have. Similar differences between football and baseball have become established in other East Asian countries where both games are played professionally, namely South Korea, China, and Taiwan.

Professional sumo wrestling, which is not a team sport at all, has promotion and relegation between ranks of individual wrestlers. A Yokozuna, or grand champion, however, can never be relegated once he has achieved the distinction; he is instead expected to retire when he is no longer competitive at the top level.

The Super League, a rugby league organization that operates in the United Kingdom with one team in France, abandoned the promotion and relegation system in favor of a licence system. While teams can still be promoted and relegated, their moves are not based solely on performance and are no longer automatic; instead, the league issues a number of licences based on a combination of performance and financial ability to compete at a top level. The licences are issued for three years.

Historical comparisons

Early baseball leagues in the United States

In baseball, the earliest American sport to develop professional leagues, the National Association of Base Ball Players was established in 1857 as a national governing body for the game. In many respects, it would resemble England's Football Association when founded in 1863. Both espoused strict amateurism in their early years and welcomed hundreds of clubs as members.

Baseball's National Association was not able to survive the onset of professionalism. It responded to the trend — clubs secretly paying or indirectly compensating players — by establishing a "professional" class for 1869. So quickly as 1871, most of those clubs broke away and formed the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). That new, professional Association was open at a modest fee, but it proved to be unstable. It was replaced by the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs in 1876, which has endured as of 2011. The founders of the new League judged that in order to prosper, they must make baseball's highest level of competition a "closed shop", with a strict limit on the number of teams, each member having exclusive local rights.

The modest National League guarantee of a place in the league year after year would permit the owners to monopolize fan bases in their exclusive territories and give them the confidence to invest in infrastructure, such as improved ballparks. In turn, those would guarantee the revenues to support traveling halfway across a continent for games. Indeed, after its first season, the new league banked on its still doubtful stability by expelling its members in New York and Philadelphia (the two largest cities), because they had breached agreements to visit the four western clubs at the end of the season.

The NL's dominance of baseball was challenged several times but only by entire leagues, after its first few years. Eight clubs, the established norm for a national league, was a prohibitively high threshold for a new venture. Two challengers succeeded beyond the short-term, with the National League fighting off a challenge from the American Association after a decade (concluded 1891). In 1903 it accepted parity with the American League and the formation of the organization that would become Major League Baseball. The peace agreement between the NL and the AL did not change the "closed shop" of top-level baseball but entrenched it by including the AL in the shop. This was further confirmed by the Supreme Court's 1922 ruling in ''Federal Baseball Club v. National League'', giving MLB a legal monopoly over professional baseball.

Early football leagues in England

In contrast to baseball's NABBP, the first governing body in English football survived the onset of professionalism, which it formally accepted in 1885. Perhaps the great geographical concentration of population and the corresponding short distances between urban centres was crucial. Certainly it provided the opportunity for more clubs' developing large fan bases without incurring great travel costs. Professional football did not gain acceptance until after the turn of the 20th century in most of Southern England. The earliest league members travelled only through the Midlands and North.

When The Football League was founded in 1888, it was not intended to be a rival of The Football Association but rather the top competition within it. The new league was not universally accepted as England's top-calibre competition right away. To help win fans of clubs outside The Football League, its circuit was not closed; rather, a system was established in which the worst teams at the end of each season would need to win re-election against any clubs wishing to join.

A rival league, the Football Alliance, was formed in 1889. When the two merged in 1892, it was not on equal terms; rather, most of the Alliance clubs were put in the new Football League Second Division, whose best teams would move up to the First Division in place of its worst teams. Another merger, with the top division of the Southern League in 1920, helped form the Third Division in similar fashion. Since then no new league has been formed of non-league clubs to try to achieve parity with The Football League (only to play at a lower level, like independent professional leagues in American baseball today).

For decades, teams finishing near the bottom of The Football League's lowest division(s) faced re-election rather than automatic relegation. But the principle of promotion and relegation had been firmly established, and it eventually expanded to the football pyramid in place today. Meanwhile, The FA has remained English football's overall governing body, retaining amateur and professional clubs rather than breaking up.

In popular culture

In the World Cyber Games realm, Blizzard Entertainment's upcoming video game ''StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty'' uses a promotion and relegation system for its tournament structure.

From 1993 until 2003, the Eurovision Song Contest used various systems of relegation to reconcile the number of countries wishing to participate (approximately 30 at the time) with the number of performances allowed considering time constraints of a live television program (between 23 and 26). During the relegation era, low-ranking countries were required to skip a year, such that any country so relegated would be automatically qualified to compete the following year. The addition of a semi-final in 2004 eliminated the need for relegation.

External links

Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation Source for historical information on promoted and relegated soccer teams.

See also

British Football League

Notes and references

Category:Association football terminology Category:Sports terminology

de:Relegationsspiel es:Ascenso y descenso (deportes) ko:승강제 id:Promosi dan degradasi it:Promozione e retrocessione nl:Promotie en degradatie ru:Выбывание и повышение в классе simple:Promotion and relegation sv:Öppen serie uk:Вибуття та підвищення у класі vi:Lên xuống hạng

name	Pusha T
background	solo_singer
birth name	Terrence Thornton
alias	Pusha, Terrar,
birth date	May 14, 1977
birth place	The Bronx, New York City, United States
origin	Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States
death date
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper
years active
label	GOOD, Re-Up, Decon
associated acts	Clipse, Re-Up Gang, Kanye West, Pharell Williams, N.E.R.D., The Neptunes
url
notable instruments	}}

Terrence Thornton (born May 14, 1977) better known by his stage name Pusha T is an American recording artist, occasional actor and one half of the critically acclaimed Hip-Hop duo Clipse. He is also the co-founder and co-chief executive officer (CEO) of Re-Up Records along with his brother Gene 'Malice' Thornton. In September 2010 he announced that he has signed to Kanye West's GOOD Music label and on March 21, 2011 released his first solo mixtape, ''Fear of God''.

Biography

Early life and career beginnings as Clipse

Pusha T was born in The Bronx, New York City but soon relocated to Norfolk, Virginia where he and his brother were raised. In 1992 Terrence and his brother Gene formed the duo now internationally known as Clipse. With help from Pharell Williams the group eventually signed to Elektra Records in 1997 and released ''Exclusive Audio Footage'', their only album under that label. After three more albums under various record labels both Malice and Pusha T announced that they were taking time off from Clipse to focus on their own respective solo projects.

2010-present: Solo career, GOOD Music and Fear of God

Pusha T signed exclusively with NUE Agency, the week of December 16, 2010. Following his signing to GOOD Music, Pusha T has been featured on a number of fellow label mates' projects such as Kanye West's ''My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'' and many of the G.O.O.D. Friday tracks. On March 21, 2011 Pusha T released his first solo mixtape, ''Fear of God'' to critical acclaim. Currently he is working on his EP ''Fear of God: Let Us Pray'', which includes four songs from the mixtape and five original ones. The EP was set to released on June 21, 2011, but as of now no release date is set. He is also working on his debut solo album, yet to be titled, which includes tracks produced by The Neptunes, Kanye West, Bangladesh, Ryan Leslie and Alex da Kid. Pusha T has stated that after his solo album and the Re-Up Gang mixtape, ''Long Live the Cane'', he and his brother Malice will release another album as the Clipse. On July 8, 2011, the first offering off ''Fear of God: Let Us Pray'' leaked onto the internet. The song, titled "Trouble on My Mind" features Odd Future frontman, Tyler, The Creator. The music video was later released on July 20th. On August 31st, 2011, Pusha signed a solo record deal with Def Jam.

Controversy

Consequence

After releasing the first offering off his solo mixtape, "My God", former GOOD Music labelmate Consequence took to Twitter and claimed Pusha T stole his flow and lyrics from a song of his that Pusha T was supposed to appear on titled "The Last Supper". On July 22, 2011 Consequence released a song titled "The Plagurist Society" where he takes shots and questions Pusha T’s coke-dealing raps. Towards the end of the record the Queens native promises to take aim at Kanye West next saying "You're nothing but a body shield, for that coward from the mid-west/ so yes you can bet, that your boss is next". Pusha T responded to the diss when he appeared on Chicago’s 107.5 WGCI’s The Morning Riot and said nobody is looking for Consequence, as for if he will respond on a record he went on to say "At the end of the day I am an artist and this whole rap thing is fun to me, so I can't say you won't hear nothing, but to go back and forth with him, it's not right, I won't get anything out of it." Consequence later called in to Chicago’s WGCI’s The Morning Riot in retaliation to the remarks Pusha T made about him. He also premiered a song titled "Everybody Told Me 2 (Straighten It Out)" where he disses West, Pusha T and GOOD Music in general. Since then Pusha T responded to Consequence on a record. The song was the remix to Ace Hood's "Go 'N' Get It" which also featured Beanie Sigel, Busta Rhymes and Styles P. In the song Pusha raps "Consequence, nigga, talk is cheap You dont want a problem? Off the beef Before I off his ass with his awful teeth".

Acting career

Pusha T is set to appear on four episodes of the second season of the HBO series How to Make It in America. He will be playing the role of a drug dealer.

Discography

References

Category:1977 births Category:African American rappers Category:American hip hop musicians Category:Living people Category:People from the Bronx Category:Rappers from New York City

name	Hodgy Beats
background	solo_singer
birth name	Gerard Damien Long
born	November 09, 1990Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States
origin	Pasadena, California, United States
genre	Hip hop
instrument	Vocals, Keyboards
occupation	Rapper, Producer
years active	2007–present
label	Odd Future Records, Fat Possum Records
associated acts	OFWGKTA, Mike G, Earl Sweatshirt, Domo Genesis, Frank Ocean, Nas, Pusha T, Pharrel Williams
website	oddfuture.com }}

Gerard Damien Long (born November 9, 1990), better known by his stage name Hodgy Beats is an American rapper from Pasadena, California. He is a member of the hip hop collective OFWGKTA as the duo MellowHype with Left Brain.

Music career

Hodgy Beats and Left Brain as MellowHype released two albums called ''YelloWhite'' and ''BlackenedWhite'' in 2010.

On April 5, 2011, MellowHype performed the song "64" on the Fuel TV program The Daily Habit.

MellowHype along with Tyler, The Creator and Damage also performed their song "65" for the BBC music showcase.

He recently worked on a song with Nas for his upcoming album 'Life Is Good'. Hodgy also worked on a song with Pusha T for his upcoming Fear of God 2: Let Us Pray, although it is not featured in the newly released track list. He recently had a child with his girlfriend on August 1st.

Discography

''The Dena Tape'' (2009)

''YelloWhite'' (with Left Brain as MellowHype) (2010)

''BlackenedWhite'' (with Left Brain as MellowHype) (2010)

''Numbers'' (with Left Brain as MellowHype) (2012)

References

Category:OFWGKTA members Category:1990 births Category:African American rappers Category:Living people

fr:Hodgy Beats

birthname
birth date	June 05, 1971
birth place	Boston, Massachusetts, US
othername	Marky Mark Monk D
occupation	ActorProducerRapper (former)
yearsactive	1989–present
spouse	Rhea Durham (2009–present; 4 children)
url	Official site }}

Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor, film and television producer, and former rapper. He was known as Marky Mark in his earlier years, and became famous for his 1991 debut as a musician with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. He was named No.1 on VH1's ''40 Hottest Hotties of the 90's''. He is well known for his roles in films such as ''Boogie Nights'' (1997), ''Three Kings'' (1999), ''The Perfect Storm'' (2000), ''Planet of the Apes'' (2001), ''The Italian Job'' (2003), ''I Heart Huckabees'' (2004), ''Four Brothers'' (2005), ''The Departed'' (2006), ''Invincible'' (2006), ''Shooter'' (2007), and ''The Fighter'' (2010). He has also served as the executive producer of the TV series ''Entourage'' and ''Boardwalk Empire''.

Early life

Wahlberg was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest of nine children, with siblings Arthur, Jim, Paul, Robert, Tracey, Michelle, Debbie (died in 2003 at age 44), and Donnie. He is of Irish, English, Swedish, and French Canadian ancestry, and is distantly related to author Nathaniel Hawthorne. His mother, Alma Elaine ( Donnelly), was a bank clerk and nurse's aide, and his father, Donald Edward Wahlberg, was a Teamster who worked as a delivery driver. His parents divorced in 1982. Wahlberg had a Roman Catholic upbringing and attended Copley Square High School (but never graduated) on Newbury Street in Boston.

Assaults and conviction

Wahlberg claims to have been in trouble 20–25 times with the Boston Police Department as a youth. By the age of 13, Wahlberg had developed an addiction to cocaine and other substances. At 15, he harassed a group of black school children on a field trip by throwing rocks and shouting racial epithets.

When he was 16, Wahlberg approached a middle-aged Vietnamese man on the street and, using a large wooden stick, knocked him unconscious (while calling him "Vietnam fucking shit"). He also attacked another Vietnamese man, leaving him permanently blind in one eye, and attacked a security guard (again using racist language).

For these crimes, Wahlberg was charged with attempted murder, pleaded guilty to assault, and was sentenced to two years in jail at Boston's Deer Island House of Correction, of which he served 45 days. In another incident, the 21-year-old Wahlberg fractured the jaw of a neighbor in an unprovoked attack. Commenting in 2006 on his past crimes, Wahlberg has stated: "I did a lot of things that I regretted and I have certainly paid for my mistakes." He said the right thing to do would be to try to find the blinded man and make amends, and admitted he has not done so, but added that he was no longer burdened by guilt: "You have to go and ask for forgiveness and it wasn't until I really started doing good and doing right, by other people as well as myself, that I really started to feel that guilt go away. So I don't have a problem going to sleep at night. I feel good when I wake up in the morning."

After landing in prison following this assault he decided to change his ways. According to Wahlberg, "As soon as I began that life of crime, there was always a voice in my head telling me I was going to end up in jail. Three of my brothers had done time. My sister went to prison so many times I lost count. Finally I was there, locked up with the kind of guys I'd always wanted to be like. Now I'd earned my stripes and I was just like them and I realized it wasn't what I wanted at all. I'd ended up in the worst place I could possibly imagine and I never wanted to go back. First of all I had to learn to stay on the straight and narrow." Wahlberg first relied on the guidance of his parish priest to turn his back on crime. He told his street gang that he was leaving them and had "some serious fights" with them over it. The actor commented in 2009: "I've made a lot of mistakes in my life and I've done bad things. But I never blamed my upbringing for that. I never behaved like a victim so that I would have a convenient reason for victimizing others. Everything I did wrong was my own fault. I was taught the difference between right and wrong at an early age. I take full responsibility."

Career

Music

Name	Mark Wahlberg
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg
Alias	Marky MarkMonk D
Born	June 05, 1971
Origin	Boston, Massachusetts, US
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, actor, producer
Years active	1989–present
Associated acts	New Kids on the BlockMarky Mark and the Funky Bunch }}

Wahlberg first came to fame as the younger brother of Donnie Wahlberg of the successful 1980s and 1990s boy band New Kids on the Block. Mark, at age thirteen, had been one of the group's original members, along with Donnie, Danny Wood, Jordan Knight, and Jonathan Knight. However, he soon quit. It was his departure that eventually allowed Joe McIntyre to take his place as the fifth member of the group.

Wahlberg began recording as Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch, earning a hit with "Good Vibrations" from the album ''Music for the People''. The record was produced by brother Donnie and later hit No.1 on The Billboard Hot 100, later becoming certified as a Platinum single. The second single, "Wildside," peaked at No.5 on ''Billboards'' Hot Singles Sales chart and at No.10 on The Billboard Hot 100. It was certified as a Gold Single. Marky Mark opened for the New Kids on the Block during their last tour. The second Marky Mark and The Funky Bunch LP, ''You Gotta Believe'', was not as successful as the prior, yielding only a minor hit single in the title track. Wahlberg later collaborated with the late reggae / ragga singer Prince Ital Joe on the album ''Life in the Streets''. The project combined rap and ragga vocals with strong eurodance music (as in the singles ''Happy People'', German No.1 hit ''United'', ''Life in the Streets'', and ''Babylon'') courtesy of Frank Peterson and Alex Christensen as producers.

He was also featured in the Black Label Society music video for "Counterfeit God", as a stand-in for the band's bassist.

Advertising

Wahlberg was known for his impressive physique. He first displayed it in the ''Good Vibrations'' music video and most prominently in a series of underwear ads for Calvin Klein shot by Herb Ritts, following it with Calvin Klein television ads. Magazine and television promotions would sometimes feature Mark exclusively or accompanied by model Kate Moss. Annie Leibovitz also shot a famous session of Mark Wahlberg in underwear for ''Vanity Fair'''s annual Hall of Fame issue. He also made a workout video titled ''The Marky Mark Workout: Form... Focus... Fitness'' (ISBN 1-55510-910-1).

Film

Wahlberg then began an acting career, making his debut in the 1993 TV movie ''The Substitute''. His big screen debut came the next year, with the Danny DeVito feature ''Renaissance Man''. A basketball fanatic, he caught the attention of critics after appearing in ''The Basketball Diaries'' in 1995, playing the role of Mickey alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, in a film adaptation of the Jim Carroll book of the same name. He also starred in the 1996 James Foley thriller ''Fear''.

He has earned many positive reviews after successful movies like ''Boogie Nights'' as Dirk Diggler, ''Three Kings'', ''The Perfect Storm'', ''The Italian Job'', and ''Four Brothers''. His performance in ''I ♥ Huckabees'' was voted best supporting performance of the year in the 2004 ''Village Voice'' Critics Poll. Wahlberg was originally cast as Linus Caldwell in ''Ocean's Eleven''; Matt Damon played the role instead. The two later worked together in ''The Departed''. Wahlberg was also considered for a role in the film ''Brokeback Mountain''. It was originally intended to star him and Joaquin Phoenix, but Wahlberg was uncomfortable with the film's sex scenes and his role ultimately went to Jake Gyllenhaal. Wahlberg starred in the American football drama, ''Invincible'', based on the true story of bartender Vince Papale. He is also the executive producer of the HBO series ''Entourage'' which is loosely based on his experiences in Hollywood. He also appeared as a foul-mouthed Massachusetts State Police detective in Martin Scorsese's critically acclaimed thriller, ''The Departed'' in 2006, which netted him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, and an NSFC Best Supporting Actor award. Wahlberg has confirmed that he was approached to star in a sequel to ''The Departed'', but it is still early in development. The sequel would reportedly revolve around the Staff Sergeant played by Wahlberg.

To prepare for his role in ''Shooter'', Wahlberg attended long-range shooting training at Front Sight Firearms Training Institute near Pahrump, Nevada, and was able to hit a target at 2000 yards on his first day, a feat which took his instructor about six months to achieve. He has said in a number of interviews that he will retire at the age of 40 to concentrate on parenthood and professional golf. However, in early 2007 he indicated that the latter was no longer the plan as "his golf game is horrible". He played Jack Salmon, a leading role in Peter Jackson's film of ''The Lovely Bones''. In 2007 he starred opposite Joaquin Phoenix in ''We Own the Night'', a movie about a family of police officers in New York City. The movie also starred Robert Duvall and Eva Mendes.

Wahlberg will play the drug kingpin Jon Roberts in the remake of the 2006 documentary ''Cocaine Cowboys'', which chronicles the story of the largest cocaine trafficker in Miami in the 1970s and 1980s, and he has persuaded Leonardo DiCaprio to play the supporting role.

He starred in M. Night Shyamalan's ''The Happening'' as Eliot Moore, which premiered in movie theatres on June 13, 2008. The same year, he played the title role in ''Max Payne'', based on a video game of the same name. While promoting ''Max Payne'', Mark became involved in a feud with Saturday Night Live's Andy Samberg and threatened to "crack that big fucking nose of his." Samberg had done an impression of Wahlberg in a Saturday Night Live skit titled "Mark Wahlberg Talks To Animals." However, Wahlberg later appeared in a follow-up skit parodying both the original skit, Samberg's impression of Wahlberg, and his own threats to Samberg.

Personal life

Family and relationships

In the early 90s Wahlberg dated former child actress Soleil Moon Frye. Wahlberg and model Rhea Durham have been together since 2001 and got married on August 1, 2009 at the Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills. The couple have four children, Ella Rae (born September 2, 2003), Michael Robert (born March 21, 2006), Brendan Joseph (born September 16, 2008) and Grace Margaret (born January 11, 2010).

His father, a US Army veteran of the Korean War, died on Saint Valentine's Day, February 14, 2008.

Religion

Wahlberg is a committed Roman Catholic, who attends daily Mass, credits his faith and a priest from his childhood for helping him turn his life around, and recognizes the seriousness of his faith.

Charity work

Actively involved in charity, Wahlberg established the ''Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation'' in May 2001 for the purpose of raising and distributing funds to youth service and enrichment programs.

Tattoos

Wahlberg has four tattoos done by various artists including Paul Timman. The tattoos include Sylvester the cat with Tweety in his mouth on his ankle, a tattoo of his initials MW with Wahlberg through them on his upper right arm, and a Bob Marley tattoo with "One Love" on his upper left arm. The final tattoo, which Wahlberg holds as his most meaningful, is the rosary tattoed around his neck, with a crucifix and the words "In God I Trust" resting over his heart.

Discography

Filmography

+ List of acting performances in film and television
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''''		Ryan Westerberg	Credited as "Marky Mark"
! scope="row"		Private Tommy Lee Haywood	Minor role
''''		Mickey
! scope="row"		David McCall	Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Villain
! scope="row"		Pat O'Hara
''Boogie Nights''		Eddie Adams/Dirk Diggler	Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
''''		Melvin Smiley
''''		Detective Danny Wallace
! scope="row"		Troy Barlow
''''		Leo Handler
''''		Robert "Bobby" Shatford
! scope="row"		Captain Leo Davidson
! scope="row"		Chris "Izzy" Cole
''''		Joshua Peters
''''		Charlie Croker	Main role
''I Heart Huckabees''		Tommy Corn	Village Voice Film Poll – Best Supporting PerformanceNominated — Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
! scope="row"		Robert "Bobby" Mercer	Main role
! scope="row"			Main role
''''		SSgt. Sean Dignam
! scope="row"		GySgt. Bob Lee Swagger	Main role
''We Own the Night''		Captain Joseph "Joe" Grusinsky
''''		Elliot Moore
! scope="row"		Max Payne
''''		Jack Salmon
''Date Night''		Holbrooke Grant
''''		Detective Terry Hoitz	Lead role
''''		"Irish" Micky Ward
! scope="row"			''post-production''
! scope="row"		John	''filming''

+ List of acting performances in film and television
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Juvies''		Producer	Documentary
''We Own the Night''		Producer
! scope="row"		Executive producer	45 episodes
''In Treatment''		Executive producer	43 episodes
''Boardwalk Empire''		Executive producer	Ten episodes
''How to Make It in America''		Executive producer	Eight episodes
''''		Producer
! scope="row"		Producer	''post-production''

References

External links

Category:1971 births Category:American film actors Category:American male models Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American rappers Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American television producers Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Living people Category:Actors from Massachusetts Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts Category:American people of French-Canadian descent Category:American people of Swedish descent Category:American people convicted of assault

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name	Seth MacFarlane
alt	A man (Seth MacFarlane) with black hair, and tan skin with a black shirt on, leans forward while laughing into a microphone.
birth name	Seth Woodbury MacFarlane
birth date	October 26, 1973
birth place	Kent, Connecticut, U.S.
alma mater	Rhode Island School of Design (B.F.A.)
occupation	Actor, animator, writer, comedian, singer, producer, voice actor
years active	1995–present
religion	Atheist
signature	}}

Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (; born October 26, 1973) is an American animator, writer, comedian, producer, actor, singer, voice actor, and director best known for creating the animated sitcoms ''Family Guy'', ''American Dad!'' and ''The Cleveland Show'', for which he also voices many of the shows' various characters.

A native of Kent, Connecticut, MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, where he studied animation, earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree. He was an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television shows, including ''Johnny Bravo'', ''Cow and Chicken'', ''Dexter's Laboratory'' and ''I Am Weasel'', before creating his own series for 20th Century Fox entitled ''Family Guy'' in 1999. MacFarlane went on to co-create ''American Dad!'' in 2005, ''The Winner'' in 2007 and ''The Cleveland Show'' in 2009 for 20th Century Fox.

As an actor, he has made guest appearances on shows such as ''Gilmore Girls'', ''The War at Home'' and ''FlashForward''. MacFarlane's interest in science fiction and fantasy has led to cameo and guest appearances on ''Star Trek: Enterprise'' and voicing the character of Johann Kraus in Guillermo del Toro's ''Hellboy II: The Golden Army''. In 2008, he created his own YouTube series entitled ''Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy''. As a performer, MacFarlane has sung at several venues, including Carnegie and Royal Albert Hall.

MacFarlane has won several awards for his work on ''Family Guy'', including two Primetime Emmy Awards, and an Annie Award. In 2009, he won the Webby Award for Film & Video Person of the Year. For several years, ''Family Guy'' has been a large subject of criticism from television watchdog groups, such as the Parents Television Council, who regularly condemn ''Family Guy'' for its indecency. Even fellow cartoonists such as ''The Simpsons'' creator Matt Groening, ''Ren and Stimpy's'' John Kricfalusi and ''South Park'' duo Trey Parker and Matt Stone, have criticized MacFarlane's creation on numerous occasions. He occasionally speaks at universities and colleges throughout the United States, and is a supporter of gay rights.

On the February 10, 2011 episode of the TBS variety nighttime talk-show series ''Conan'', MacFarlane announced he is directing his first feature-length film, ''Ted''. The film stars Mark Wahlberg as an adult, who as a child, wished his teddy bear would come to life. MacFarlane will be the voice and motion capture for the bear. It is currently in production and is scheduled for release sometime in 2012. MacFarlane has announced he is working on a debut album. The album, ''Music Is Better Than Words'', has recently been finished and will be released in September 2011. It has been announced that MacFarlane will produce a revival of H-B's ''The Flintstones'' for the FOX network. Development will begin in fall 2011 and the first episode is scheduled to air in 2013.

Early life

MacFarlane's parents, Ann Perry (née Sager) and Ronald Milton MacFarlane, were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. He is of Scottish, English and Welsh ancestry, partly by way of Canada, and his ancestors include William Brewster, who traveled to America on the Mayflower. MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, and married later that year. The couple moved to Kent, Connecticut in 1972, where Ann Perry began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School and later in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at Kent School, a selective college preparatory school where Ronald was also a teacher. During his childhood, MacFarlane developed an interest in illustration and began drawing cartoon characters Fred Flintstone and Woody Woodpecker, as early as two years old. By the age of five, MacFarlane knew that he would want to pursue a career in animation, and began by creating flip books, after his parents found a book on the subject. Four years later, at nine, MacFarlane began publishing a weekly comic strip entitled "Walter Crouton" for ''The Kent Good Times Dispatch'', the local newspaper in Kent, Connecticut, which paid him five dollars per week.

MacFarlane received his high school diploma in 1991 from the Kent School. While there, he continued experimenting with animation, and was given an 8 mm camera by his parents. MacFarlane went on to study film, video and animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. As a student, he had originally intended to work for Disney, but changed his mind upon graduating. At RISD, MacFarlane created a series of independent films, eventually meeting future ''Family Guy'' cast member Mike Henry, whose brother was MacFarlane's classmate. His senior year at RISD, MacFarlane created a thesis film entitled ''The Life of Larry'', which would eventually become the inspiration for ''Family Guy''. MacFarlane's professor submitted his film to the animation studio Hanna-Barbera, where he was later hired.

Early career

After college MacFarlane was hired at Hanna-Barbera (then Hanna-Barbera Cartoons) based on the writing content of ''The Life of Larry'', not based on artistic merits. He was one of few people hired to the company solely based on writing talent. At Hanna-Barbera, MacFarlane worked as an animator and writer for Cartoon Network's ''Cartoon Cartoons'' series. He described the atmosphere at Hanna-Barbera as resembling an "old fashioned Hollywood structure," where you move from one show to another or you jump from a writing job on one show to a storyboard job on another. MacFarlane worked on four television series during his tenure at the studio: ''Dexter's Laboratory'', ''Cow and Chicken'', ''I Am Weasel'', and ''Johnny Bravo''. Working as both a writer and storyboard artist, MacFarlane spent the most time on ''Johnny Bravo''. He found it easier to develop his own style at ''Johnny Bravo'' through the show's process of scriptwriting, which ''Dexter'' and ''Cow and Chicken'' did not use. He also did freelance work for Walt Disney Television Animation, writing for ''Jungle Cubs'' and ''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective''. Through strict observation of writing elements such as story progression, character stakes, and plot points, MacFarlane found the work for Disney was, from a writing standpoint, very valuable in preparation for his career (particularly on ''Ace Ventura''). MacFarlane also created and wrote a short titled ''Zoomates'' for Frederator Studios' ''Oh Yeah! Cartoons'' on Nickelodeon. In 1996, MacFarlane created a sequel to ''The Life of Larry'' entitled ''Larry and Steve'', which features a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. The short was broadcast as one of Cartoon Network's ''World Premiere Toons''. Executives at Fox saw both ''Larry'' shorts and negotiations soon began for a prime-time animated series.

Although MacFarlane enjoyed working at Hanna-Barbera, he felt his real calling was for prime-time animation, which would allow a much edgier style of humor. He first pitched ''Family Guy'' to Fox during his tenure at Hanna-Barbera. A development executive for Hanna-Barbera, who was trying to get back into the prime-time business at the time, introduced MacFarlane to Leslie Collins and Mike Darnell, heads of the alternative comedy department at Fox. After the success of ''King of the Hill'' in 1997, MacFarlane called Collins once more to ask about a possible second pitch for the series. The company offered the young writer a strange deal: Fox gave him a budget of $50,000 to produce a pilot that could lead to a series (most episodes of animated prime-time productions cost at least $1 million). Recalling the experience in an interview with ''The New York Times'', MacFarlane stated, "I spent about six months with no sleep and no life, just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot." After six months, MacFarlane returned to Fox with a "very, very simply, crudely animated film – with just enough to get the tone of the show across" to present to the executives, who loved the pilot and ordered the series immediately. In July 1998, the Fox Broadcast Company announced the purchase of ''Family Guy'' for a January 1999 debut. ''Family Guy'' was originally intended to be a series of shorts on ''MADtv'', much in the same way ''The Simpsons'' had begun on ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' a decade earlier. Negotiations for the show's ''MADtv'' connection fell through early on as a result of budgetary concerns. At age 24, MacFarlane was television's youngest executive producer.

Further career

''Family Guy''

''Family Guy'' first aired January 31, 1999. MacFarlane's work in animating ''Family Guy'' has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna-Barbera along with examples from ''The Simpsons'' and ''All in the Family''. In addition to writing three episodes, "Death Has a Shadow", "Family Guy Viewer Mail 1" and "North by North Quahog", MacFarlane voices ''Family Guy'''s main characters – Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker, his son Jake and additional characters. Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty, ''Family Guy'' developed into a $1 billion franchise. On May 4, 2008, after approximately two and a half years of negotiations, MacFarlane reached a $100 million agreement with Fox to keep ''Family Guy'' and ''American Dad'' until 2012. The agreement makes him the world's highest paid television writer.

MacFarlane's success with ''Family Guy'' has opened doors to other ventures relating to ''Family Guy''. On April 26, 2005, he and composer Walter Murphy created ''Family Guy: Live in Vegas''. The soundtrack features a Broadway show tune theme, and MacFarlane voiced Stewie in the track "Stewie's Sexy Party". A fan of Broadway musicals, MacFarlane comments on using musicals as a component to ''Family Guy'': In addition, a ''Family Guy'' video game was released in 2006. Two years later, in August 2007, he closed a digital content production deal with AdSense. MacFarlane takes cast members on the road to voice characters in front of live audiences. ''Family Guy Live'' provides fans with the opportunity to hear future scripts. In mid-2007 Chicago fans had the opportunity to hear the then upcoming sixth season premiere "Blue Harvest". Shows have been played in Montreal, New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles.

On July 22, 2007, in an interview with ''The Hollywood Reporter'', MacFarlane announced that he may start working on a feature film, although "nothing's official." In September 2007, Ricky Blitt gave TV.com an interview confirming that he had already started working on the script. Then in TV Week on July 18, 2008, MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a theatrically released ''Family Guy'' feature film sometime "within the next year". He came up with an idea for the story, "something that you could not do on the show, which [to him] is the only reason to do a movie." He later went to say he imagines the film to be "an old-style musical with dialogue" similar to ''The Sound of Music'', saying that he would "really be trying to capture, musically, that feel."

Despite its popularity, ''Family Guy'' has not been immune to criticism. The Parents Television Council frequently criticizes ''Family Guy'' for its content, once organized a letter-writing campaign aimed at removing ''Family Guy'' from FOX's lineup, and has filed complaints with the Federal Communications Commission alleging that some episodes of the show contained indecent content. MacFarlane has responded to the PTC's criticism by saying, among other things, "That's like getting hate mail from Hitler. They're literally terrible human beings." ''Family Guy'' has been cancelled twice, although strong fan support and DVD sales have caused Fox to reconsider. MacFarlane mentioned how these cancellations affected the lineup of writers each time Fox again gave ''Family Guy'' the green-light, "One of the positive aspects of 'Family Guy' constantly being pulled off [the air] is that we were always having to restaff writers".

During the sixth season, episodes of ''Family Guy'' and ''American Dad!'' were delayed from regular broadcast due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike (which MacFarlane participated in to support the writers while FOX aired three ''Family Guy'' episodes without MacFarlane's permission). On February 12, 2008, the strike ended, and the series resumed airing regularly, beginning with "Back to the Woods".

''American Dad!''

Seth co-created ''American Dad!'', with Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker. ''American Dad!'' was first shown after Super Bowl XXXIX as a sneak preview on February 6, 2005. The show began airing regularly on Fox on May 1, 2005. MacFarlane describes the show being similar to ''All in the Family''

''American Dad!'' received its inspiration from President George W. Bush's policies. The show focuses on Stan Smith, a straight-laced CIA officer and fanatical conservative. Stan's wife (Francine) and children, (Hayley and Steve), share a typical middle class home with Roger, an extraterrestrial rescued by Stan from Area 51, and Klaus, a goldfish who hosts the transplanted brain of an East German, 1986 Olympian skier. Seth MacFarlane provides the voices of Stan and Roger, basing Roger's voice on Paul Lynde as he played Uncle Arthur in ''Bewitched''. His sister Rachael MacFarlane provides the voice of Hayley Smith.

''The Winner''

MacFarlane was the executive producer of a live-action sitcom starring Rob Corddry called ''The Winner''. The show premiered on Fox on March 4, 2007. The plot has a man named Glen discussing the time he matured at 32 and has him pursuing his only love after she moves in next door. Glen meets her son and both become good friends.

After six episodes, the show was officially cancelled on May 16, 2007. However, at ''Family Guy Live'' in Montreal on July 21, 2007, Seth MacFarlane stated, "It is looking like there could be a future life for ''The Winner''". After MacFarlane's statement neither Fox nor MacFarlane has released any details of plans for the show to return. The show was mentioned in the ''Family Guy'' episode "Family Gay" where all of the horses at a racing track are named after failed Fox shows, ''The Winner'' being one of them.

''The Cleveland Show''

Seth MacFarlane developed a ''Family Guy'' spin-off called ''The Cleveland Show'', which focuses on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family. The idea for the show originated from a suggestion by ''Family Guy'' writer and voice of Cleveland, Mike Henry. Fox ordered 22 episodes and the series first aired on September 27, 2009. The show, which was picked up to air a first season consisting of 22 episodes, was picked up by Fox for a second season, consisting of 13 episodes, bringing the total number to 35 episodes. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009 before the first season even premiered. Due to strong ratings FOX picked up the back 9 episodes of season 2 which would make a 22 episode season and bring the total episode count of the show to 44.

''Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy''

On September 10, 2008, MacFarlane released a series of webisodes known as ''Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy''. These animated shorts were distributed by Burger King and released weekly.

''The Flintstones''

In May 2011, it was reported that MacFarlane had signed a deal to revamp ''The Flintstones'' for airing in 2013 and a shot of Peter and Lois Griffin as Fred and Wilma Flintstone was released.

''Pokemon Guy''

In August 2011, it was also reported that he will make a TV series for KIDS based on Family Guy and the hit TV series/video games series, Pokemon. It stars the characters of Family Guy becoming a Pokemon Trainer with their own Pokemon. To see go to: http://pokemonfamilyguy.wikia.com/

Guest appearances

MacFarlane has appeared in sitcoms, comedy and news programs, independent films, and other animated shows. In 2002, MacFarlane appeared in the ''Gilmore Girls'' episode "Lorelai's Graduation Day". Four years later on November 5, 2006, MacFarlane guest starred on Fox's ''The War at Home'' as "Hillary's Date", an unnamed 33-year-old man who secretly dates teenaged Hillary in the episode "I Wash My Hands of You". MacFarlane has also appeared as the engineer Ensign Rivers on ''Star Trek: Enterprise'' in the third season episode "The Forgotten" and the fourth season episode "Affliction". During 2006, MacFarlane had a role in the independent film ''Life is Short''. He portrayed Dr. Ned, a psychologist who advises a short man (played by ''Freaks and Geeks'' star Samm Levine) to have relationships with taller women. He is also a frequent guest on the radio talkshow ''Loveline'', hosted by Dr. Drew Pinsky.

MacFarlane appeared on the November 11, 2006 episode of Fox's comedy show ''MADtv'' and performed a live action re-enactment of a scene from the ''Family Guy'' episode "Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High". In the scene, Peter and Lois suspect Chris of murdering his teacher's husband. As a reaction, a terrified Meg jumps out the window. A version with McFarlane as Peter, Nicole Parker as Kathy Griffin as Lois, Ike Barinholtz as Dane Cook as Chris, Nicole Randall Johnson as Queen Latifah as Meg, and Keegan-Michael Key as Snoop Dogg as Stewie was recorded over the original cartoon. MacFarlane served as a host to the Canadian Awards for the Electronic & Animated Arts's Second Annual Elan Awards on February 15, 2008.

MacFarlane has also appeared on news shows and late night television shows such as ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' and ''Late Show with David Letterman''. On January 19, 2007, MacFarlane appeared on ''Countdown with Keith Olbermann'' on MSNBC to discuss Stephen Colbert's appearance on ''The O'Reilly Factor'' and Bill O'Reilly's return appearance on ''The Colbert Report''. MacFarlane introduced the segment by saying in Stewie's voice "Oh, wait Bill. Hold still, allow me to soil myself on you. Victory is mine!" Three months later on March 24, 2007, MacFarlane was interviewed on Fox's ''Talkshow with Spike Feresten'', and closed the show by singing the Frank Sinatra song "You Make Me Feel So Young". He also provided Stewie's voice when he appeared as a brain tumor-induced hallucination to Seeley Booth in an episode of ''Bones'', writing his own dialogue for the episode. On May 8, 2009, MacFarlane was a guest on ''Real Time with Bill Maher''.

Other than ''Family Guy'' and ''American Dad!'', MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and movies. He voiced Wayne "The Brain" McClain in an episode of ''Aqua Teen Hunger Force''. He has also voiced various characters on Adult Swim's ''Robot Chicken'', including a parody of Lion-O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere – he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere, in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a ''Family Guy''-like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3. He also played the villain "The Manotaur" in Bob Boyle's animated kids series Yin Yang Yo!. In addition, MacFarlane voiced Johann Krauss in the 2008 film ''Hellboy II: The Golden Army''. He also had a guest appearance in the animated film ''Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder'' where he sings "That Was Then (And This is Too)", the opening theme. He had also starred in a commercial for Hulu in which he plays an alien presenting Hulu as an "evil plot to destroy the world," progressively as his famous ''Family Guy'' and ''American Dad!'' characters.

On August 1, 2009, MacFarlane performed at The BBC Proms with John Wilson and his orchestra, singing a selection of songs from MGM musicals alongside Kim Criswell, Sarah Fox, Sir Thomas Allen, and Curtis Stigers. Three songs from ''High Society'', ''Singin' in the Rain'', and ''That's Entertainment'' were featured. Seth also repeated the MGM musicals show on tour in the UK with the John Wilson Orchestra during November and December 2010. He made another appearance with the John Wilson orchestra in a BBC Two special, Swingin' Christmas, on December 25, 2010.

Seth also played in a character named Ziggy in the 2010 film, The Tooth Fairy. In August 2010, MacFarlane appeared as a guest voiceover in a sci-fi themed episode of Disney's Phineas and Ferb entitled ''Nerds of a Feather''. MacFarlane was the roastmaster of the Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff in 2010 and then of the Comedy Central Roast of Donald Trump in 2011, and will be during the Roast of Charlie Sheen, being the first (and currently the only) person to serve as roastmaster for more than one occasion of the Comedy Central Roasts.

Speaking engagements

MacFarlane is a frequent speaking guest on college campuses. On April 16, 2006, he was invited by Stanford University's ASSU Speakers' Bureau to address an audience of over 1,000 at Memorial Auditorium. MacFarlane was invited by Harvard University's class of 2006 to deliver the "class day" address on June 7, 2006. He spoke as himself, as Peter Griffin, as Stewie Griffin and as Glenn Quagmire. He has also delivered speeches at George Washington University, Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Texas, the University of Missouri, University of Toledo, Bowling Green State University and Loyola Marymount University.

Activism

Political beliefs

MacFarlane is a supporter of the Democratic Party. He has donated over $200,000 to various Democratic congressional committees and to the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama. He has stated that he supports the legalization of cannabis.

Gay rights support

MacFarlane came to support gay rights and gay marriage after a family member wondered aloud whether his gay cousin's homosexuality could be "cured". The incident angered MacFarlane, who said in a 2008 interview in ''The Advocate'', that such a statement "was fucking horrifying to hear from somebody that you love." He credits his parents for raising him to be a logical person, in reference to his support for gay rights.

MacFarlane is passionate about his support for gay rights. He said it is "infuriating and idiotic" that two gay partners "have to go through this fucking dog and pony act when they stop at a hotel and the guy behind the counter says, 'You want one room or two?'" He went on to say, "I'm incredibly passionate about my support for the gay community and what they're dealing with at this current point in time." MacFarlane went on to say, "Why is it that Johnny Spaghetti Stain in fucking Georgia can knock a woman up, legally be married to her, and then beat the shit out of her, but these two intelligent, sophisticated writers who have been together for 20 years can't get married?"

MacFarlane, in recognition for "his active, passionate commitment to Humanist values, and his fearless support of equal marriage rights and other social justice issues", was named the Harvard Humanist of the Year in 2011.

Despite his position on gay rights, MacFarlane was criticized for his portrayal of transsexuality in the ''Family Guy'' episode "Quagmire's Dad". Gay novelist Brent Hartinger found the episode's inclusion of transphobic remarks from Peter and Lois—as well as a scene of Brian vomiting profusely upon discovering his date to be transgendered—to be "shockingly insensitive". Hartinger continued, "Frankly, it's literally ''impossible'' for me to reconcile last night's episode with MacFarlane's words, unless I come to the conclusion that the man is pretty much a complete idiot." The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, an LGBT media watchdog organization, shared "serious concerns being voiced from members of the community" about the episode. MacFarlane said he was "surprised" by the negative reaction to "Quagmire's Dad", saying that "it seemed that [gay commentators] were not picking up on the fact that it was a very sympathetic portrayal of a transsexual character." He further added, "Look, Brian happens to be a heterosexual character, as I am. If I found out that I had slept with a transsexual, I might throw up in the same way that a gay guy looks at a vagina and goes, 'Oh, my God, that's disgusting.'"

2008 Writers Guild of America strike

During the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, MacFarlane publicly sided with the Writers Guild, and fully participated in the strike. Official production of ''Family Guy'' was halted for most of December 2007 and various periods afterwards. Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane's final approval, and although he refused to work on the show during the strike, his contract with Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it subsequently produced. Rumors of continued production on ''Family Guy'' prompted the statement from MacFarlane that "...it would just be a colossal dick move if they [continued production without his final approval]." The strike ended on February 12, 2008.

Personal life

MacFarlane identifies himself as a ''Star Wars'', ''Star Trek'' and science fiction fan. He appeared at a ''Star Wars'' convention to promote his new ''Family Guy'' episode "Blue Harvest" on May 26, 2007. He is a skilled pianist and singer who, in his early years, trained with an elderly couple who were Frank Sinatra's vocal coaches. In fact, he signed a record deal with Universal Republic Records and announced that he is recording a big band/standards album. MacFarlane's interest in science fiction and music are regularly themes for his birthday and Christmas parties in Los Angeles. In 2009, he held a ''Star Wars''-themed Christmas party. In 2010, he held a Rat Pack-themed party for his birthday with a 60-piece orchestra and performance by Frank Sinatra, Jr.. In early 2007, fellow comedian Alex Borstein reported in an interview that MacFarlane is old-fashioned in several aspects of his life, in that "his pop culture knowledge is very retro. Seth doesn't have e-mail at home, doesn't own a computer and he doesn't really watch television. He doesn't understand MySpace and despises most new music."

MacFarlane is unmarried. In 2004, in an interview with ''The Daily Princetonian'', MacFarlane noted his similarities to Brian on ''Family Guy'', revealing, "I have some Brian type issues from time to time – looking for the right person – but I date as much as the next guy".

On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry MacFarlane, died after a long battle with cancer. Her death was reported by Larry King on his show, ''Larry King Live'', who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010. A brief opening scene from the first episode of the ninth season of ''Family Guy'' ("And Then There Were Fewer") mentions her lifespan, and dedicates the episode to her.

MacFarlane is an atheist.

September 11, 2001 experience

On the morning of September 11, 2001, MacFarlane was scheduled to return to Los Angeles on American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston, Massachusetts. Suffering from a hangover from the previous night's celebrations, and with an incorrect departure time (8:15 a.m. instead of 7:45 a.m.) from his travel agent, he arrived at Logan International Airport about ten minutes too late to board the flight as the gates had been closed. Fifteen minutes after departure, American Airlines Flight 11 was hijacked, and at 8:46 a.m. was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, obliterating the airplane, and killing everyone on board.

In an interview with TVShowsOnDVD.com, MacFarlane said the following about his close call:

Filmography

Films

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1995		Larry CummingsSteveLois Cummings	Voice OnlyStudent Film
2006	''Life is Short''	Dr. Ned	Short Film
2008	''Hellboy II: The Golden Army''	Johann Kraus	Voice Only
2009	''Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder''	Mars Vegas Singer	Voice OnlyDirect-to-DVD Release
2010	''The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!''	I.S.R.A.E.L. (Intelligent Smart Robot Animation Eraser Lady)	Voice OnlyDirect-to-DVD Release
2010		Ziggy
2012		Ted	Voice OnlyAlso Writer/Director/ProducerPre-production

Television

! Year	! Series	! Role	! Notes
1995	''The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show''	Rhode Island Bug	Episode 2.3: "Bugging Out!"
1996		LarrySteveVarious characters
1999–2003 2005–present	''Family Guy''	Peter GriffinStewie GriffinBrian GriffinGlenn QuagmireVarious characters	Longest-running role, Creator/Executive producer/Voice artist/Writer
2002–2003	''Gilmore Girls''	ZachBob Merriam (Emily Gilmore's lawyer; on the phone)	Episode 2.21: "Lorelai's Graduation Day" Episode 3.11: "I Solemnly Swear"
	''Aqua Teen Hunger Force''	Wayne the Brain	Episode 2.10: "Super Trivia"
''The Pitts''	Radio voice	Episode 1.3: "Squarewolves"
2003–2005	''Crank Yankers''	Dick RogersArthur Johnson	Appeared in four episodes
2004	''Complete Savages''	TV Announcer	Episode 1.4: "Nick Kicks Butt"
2004–2005	''Star Trek: Enterprise''	Engineer	Episodes 3.20: "The Forgotten (Star Trek: Enterprise)
2005–2009	''[[Robot Chicken''	Various characters	Appeared in 15 episodes
2005– present	''American Dad!''	Stan SmithRogerVarious characters
2006		Hillary's Date	Episode 2.5: "I Wash My Hands of You"
	''Help Me Help You''	Seth	Episode 1.13: "Moving On"
''Robot Chicken: Star Wars''	Emperor Palpatine	TV film
59th Primetime Emmy Awards	Stewie GriffinBrian Griffin	TV special
2008	''Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II''	Emperor PalpatineVarious characters	TV film
2008–2010	''Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy''	Various characters	Appeared in 19 episodes
2009		Stewie Griffin	Episode 4.25: "The Critic in the Cabernet"
2009–2010	''FlashForward''	Agent Jake CurdyFBI Agent	Episode 1.1: "No More Good Days" and 1.15: "Queen Sacrifice"; uncredited
2009– Present	''The Cleveland Show''	Tim the BearVarious characters
	''Phineas and Ferb''	Jeff McGarland	Episode 2.33: "Nerds of a Feather"
	Himself	Roastmaster of The Roast of David Hasselhoff
2010	''BBC Breakfast''	Himself	Guest
2010	''Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III''	Emperor Palpatine	TV film
2011	''Comedy Central Roast of Donald J. Trump''	Himself	Roastmaster of The Roast of Donald Trump
2012–2013	''The Flintstones''	Fred Flintstone
2012-present	''Pokemon Guy''	Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, Joe Swanson and Herbert.

|

Awards

Year	Award	Category	Role	Series	Result	Ref.
2000	Primetime Emmy Award	Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.		''Family Guy''
2002	Primetime Emmy Award	Outstanding Music and Lyrics	Music and lyrics	''Family Guy''
2006	Annie Award	Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production	Stewie Griffin	''Family Guy''
		Film & Video Person of the Year 2009	—	—
Primetime Emmy Award	Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.	Peter Griffin	''Family Guy''
	Primetime Emmy Award	Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics		''Family Guy''
	Choice Animated Series	Creator	''Family Guy''
	Teen Choice Award	Choice TV Villian	Stewie Griffin	''Family Guy''
Teen Choice Award	Choice Animated Series	Creator	''Family Guy''

References

External links

Interview on IGN.com

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Category:1973 births Category:Actors from Connecticut Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of French-Canadian descent Category:American animators Category:American atheists Category:American baritones Category:American comedians Category:American male singers Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American television producers Category:American television writers Category:American voice actors Category:American television actors Category:American film actors Category:Annie Award winners Category:Connecticut Democrats Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Family Guy Category:Kent School alumni Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:Living people Category:People from Kent, Connecticut Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island Category:Rhode Island School of Design alumni

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